The Milgram Experiment :: Papers

The Milgram Experiment A lesson in depravity, peer pressure, and the power of authority The aftermath of the Holocaust and the events leading up to World War II, the world was stunned with the happenings in Nazi German and their acquired surrounding territories that came out during the Eichmann Trials. Eichmann, a high ranking official of the Nazi Party, was on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The questions is, "Could it be that Eichmann, and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?" Stanley Milgram answered the call to this problem by performing a series of studies on the Obedience to Authority. Milgram's work began at Harvard where he was working towards his Ph.D. The experiments on which his initial research was based were done at Yale from 1961-1962. In response to a newspaper ad offering $4.50 for one hour's work, an individual turns up to take part in a Psychology experiment investigating memory and learning. He is introduced to a stern looking experimenter in a white coat and a rather pleasant and friendly co-subject. The experimenter explains that the experiment will look into the role of punishment in learning, and that one will be the "teacher" and one will be the "learner." Lots are drawn to determine roles, and it is decided that the individual who answered the ad will become the "teacher." [IMAGE]Your co-subject is taken to a room where he is strapped in a chair to prevent movement and an electrode is placed on his arm. Next, the "teacher" is taken to an adjoining room which contains a generator. The "teacher" is instructed to read a list of two word pairs and ask the "learner" to read them back. If the "learner" gets the answer correct, then they move on to the next word. If the answer is incorrect, the "teacher" is supposed to shock the "learner" starting at 15 volts. The generator has 30 switches in 15 volt increments, each is labeled

Outcasts United: A True Story about Soccer and Immigration Made for Hollywood Essay

Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Outcasts United: A True Story about Soccer and Immigration Made for Hollywood? Pitch Invasion journalist, Andrew Guest, writes the article â€Å"Outcasts United: A True Story about Soccer and Immigration Made for Hollywood† from a sarcastic viewpoint. Guest starts by allowing his reader to get acquainted with Warren St. John’s cover article on â€Å"Outcast United,† which later became a book. He introduces the awestruck fact that Universal Studios wants to pay St. John and his main character, Luma Mufleh, $3 million to create a corresponding film to â€Å"Outcasts United. Guest then debates the question of why youth soccer appeals to Hollywood so much. He is concerned that their story will not be as serious, nor will it offer unity and enmity just as the original story did. Guest’s second worry is that St. John’s book version is nothing but a work of heartfelt journalism, instead of what he thought would be â€Å"more lighthearted† (par. 5). Andrew Guest does not build on ethos and there is very little logos, but does formulate his opinions through pathos, word choice, and tone. Guest wants to lure the audience whom has read â€Å"Outcasts United: An American Town, a Refugee Team† and that are familiar with it. He uses strong pathos to persuade the readers more closely. For example, Guest says, â€Å"But I was also worried that the real appeal here was the kind ‘heartwarming’ pabulum so often associated with the popular sports media†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (par. 2). He wants the reader to feel that Hollywood’s intentions may not be what they are expecting just as well as he does. Furthermore, he explains that the story answered his questions but did not stop his worrying. Guest also uses pathos in his repetition of â€Å"heartwarming† (par. 7) to reveal how the truth would really be portrayed by Hollywood. A cliche, such as this, would make the readers question whether Hollywood is sincere in what they are trying to do. Another strategy Guest uses to strengthen his stand point is his unique word choice. The way he catches the reader’s eyes and ears is by articulating his thoughts into strong opinions. He accomplishes this by explaining, â€Å"The game distracts people just enough that they are willing to reveal things about their inner lives and thoughts that they might not reveal over a cup of coffee† (par. ). His opinion makes the audience see that sports alone causes people to be more vocal about things they never thought they could actually say. Guest then uses the word â€Å"pabulum† to create a bolder statement in his argument that Hollywood’s intentions are only to nourish sports media in a way that would make society more sympathetic to the stories. In addition, Guest uses a vivid sarcastic tone in his article when referring to â€Å"Outcast United. † This tone is to exemplify how â€Å"heartwarming† continues to define soccer and the way it is socially connected with the popular sports media today. He supports this by sarcastically stating, â€Å"†¦look, world peace really is possible if we just learn the life lessons soccer has to teach us† (par. 2). However, Guest really feels that soccer only makes a difference to a certain extent. Guest goes on to say that it always surprises him when someone claims that soccer is a great force that draws people together. He acts as if he is in shock, when in reality he does not agree with that universal view. In fact he believes the complete opposite. His sarcastic tone weakens the article because sometimes that is the opposite of what the reader is looking for. Although Guest supports his appeals and gets his points across to the reader, he does not build much credibility as an expert on the subject. There was no ethos found throughout the article. Guest’s career is partially understood, and is not fully elaborated upon. He speaks on sports, Hollywood, and society throughout the article. However, Guest is not a sports fan, and this he supports by bluntly stating, â€Å"And while I don’t actually think of myself as a particularly obsessive sports fan or certainly not as a sports writer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (par. 6). He is not a movie critic or socialist of the matter. He makes a great debater, but what has he shown about his personally? Has he played any sports? Why should one agree with what he believes, and not what they believe? Credibility is what increases the effectiveness of the article, not opinion alone. Andrew Guest succeeds in telling his readers his viewpoints on this book and on his social beliefs. He uses strong pathos, bold word choice, and a firm tone. He has built on little ethos and logos, which causes his article to be less effective. Guest career is never states throughout the article about his career or supports any of his opinionated arguments.

Essay on The Unlucky Animals Used for Testing - 1322 Words

Most household families treat their pets as a family member. These family pets are showered with love, care, have a good home, and plenty of food to eat. But not all animals are as lucky as many household pets. Millions of animals are killed, poisoned, and abused from animal testing each year in the Unites States. Just last year the European Union banned the sale of any cosmetic ingredients that have been tested on animals. Also joining the fight against animal testing in cosmetics is Israel and India. These countries have banned all testing on animals for cosmetic purposes. China, not far behind, has just approved their first non-animal test for cosmetics. Many countries are making strides in eliminating animal testing for†¦show more content†¦During this test the chemical being tested is dripped into the eyes of rabbits to predict whether a chemical would injure a human eye. This test uses three to six rabbits and proceeds for up to 21 days. Force-feeding studies are used to test the toxicity dosage of a chemical, forcing extreme amounts of the chemical to be consumed, breathed, or injected into the animal. This particular test kills half the animals that are used during the experiment. The LD50 test stands for the lethal dose of a given substance in 50% of the test’s animal population. This is when animals are orally force-fed doses of the chemical being tested to find the human lethal dose equivalent. Many scientists have come out to say that this test holds little relevance to evaluating the human safety of the chemical. During the process of these tests the animals are given no pain relief and are often abused by the reseachers. The animals are kept in terrible conditions during these tests, often in small cages and improper nutrition. In these laboratories monkeys have been seen kept in small tubes. When these animals are taken out of their cages they are terrified and aware what is about to happen to them. They, as to any of us would do, try to resist; and when the animals do so it has been shown that the researchers have thrown animals at walls or violently pin them to tables. When the tests come to an end the animals are killed and then thrown away. These animalsShow MoreRelatedWhen Regulatory Strategies Turn Maladaptive: An Analysis4036 Words   |  16 Pagesmaladaptive regulatory strategies used by executives, Apfelbaum and Sommers evaluated the responses by testing the responses subjects who were administered a depleting computer-based exercise or a control computer task. The authors describe their methodology in detail which included a follow-up interview by a white team member concerning the same campus hot topics. Following the computer- based depletion or control test and the interview, the interviewer left the testing area and the subjects were administeredRead MoreAnimal Feed, Harmless Or Fatal?1834 Words   |  8 PagesAntibiotics in animal feed, harmless or fatal? 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